Machinery and equipment / | Engineering for construction site |
-
Q: What technique is used on site?
The preparatory work (loosening soil, clear the area of bushes, trees, rocks) produces construction machinery based crawler tractors & ndash ; cultivators, trimmers, stumpers that have attachments removable working equipment corresponding to that of works. -
A:
-
In the excavation depending on the nature of soils and developed using a single type of work – and multi-bucket excavators, backhoes, shovel loaders, jetting means. For compacting soil in embankments and materials stacked in the road base, used rollers and road rollers static effect with metal rollers and pneumatic tires, rammers.
-
The drilling works in the development of rocky soils, production of non-metallic building materials, making holes for the installation of piles, bookmarks, explosives, etc. Drilling machines are different.
-
Piling works at the device bases and laying the foundations operate pile-driving equipment, including diesel hammers, vapor-air hammers, vibrators. Lifting and driving direction of the pile-driving equipment during construction work carried copra.
-
Concrete work is carried out with the help of special machines and machines: to prepare concrete mixes are dispensers, mixers, for sealing – vibrators for delivering mixture to building – concrete pumps, for the reception and distribution of a mixture of – pavers.
-
Apart from construction machinery, construction use such means of mechanization as cranes, lifting machinery (mainly for assembly work), loaders and unloaders, conveyors, trucks, tractors, trucks, trailers transport operations, etc.
-
Q: What are the main trends in the improvement of construction machinery?
First of all, requires the following tasks: -
A:
-
-
The increase in unit power and load capacity, the development of new types of interchangeable equipment, the creation of machine-babies (especially for the final finishing operations).
-
The introduction of hand-held machines with a variety of interchangeable attachments.
-
Construction machines based on the aggregation of unified assemblies and parts, ie creation of universal construction machines with a set of replacement of work equipment; increasing reliability and durability.
Excavation equipment
-
-
Q: What is the main purpose of building dredges?
This type of construction machinery performs digging and moving soil through the mechanism of the bucket or continuous (or bucket chain). Based on this requirement, excavators are divided: -
A:
-
-
on shovels batch;
-
excavators continuous.
-
-
The main parts of the building are excavators chassis (wheeled or tracked), the turntable with the power plant and change of working equipment.
-
In order to correctly assess the operational capabilities of the machine, it is necessary to know well their indexing. The first letter will always denote the classification, such as EO – Shovels. The following are the three main figures of the index:
-
-
size group Excavators (bucket capacity);
-
Undercarriage;
-
design working suspension.
-
-
There is also a fourth digit in the index, which indicates the serial number of the excavator model.
-
Then again, should alphabetic indexing: the first of the additional letters (A, B, C, etc.) means the sequence of the modernization of the machine, follow – Climatic modification type (C or CL – northern, T – tropical, TV – to work on the humid tropics).
-
For example, the index of the EO-5123HL can be deciphered as follows: Shovels, Universal, 5th dimensional group, crawler undercarriage with a rigid suspension of work equipment, the third model in the northern climate.
< br /> -
Q: How divided size groups excavator?
For each size group is usually indicated several bucket capacity – basic and removable high-capacity, and for the latter provides less linear parameters and weaker soils than when working with the main bucket. The main one is the bucket, which can develop excavator ground 4th category. -
A:
-
The capacity of the main excavator bucket is: 2 nd dimensional group – 0,25-0,28 cubic meters, 3rd – 0.40-0.65 cubic meters, 4th – 0,65-1 cubic meters, 5th – 1.0-1.6 cubic meters, 6th – 1.6-2.5 cubic meters, 7 – 2.5-4 cubic meters
-
In recent years, more and more applications get compact mini – and mikroekskavatory. They can dig ditches, trenches, perform work in confined spaces. In a cottage and chalet building, they are irreplaceable.
-
Q: How different excavators on the type undercarriage?
Type of undercarriage indicated in figures 1 to 9: -
A:
-
1 – caterpillar (D);
-
2 – tracked broadening (PG);
-
3 – pneumowheel (P);
-
4 – a special type of car chassis (USA);
-
5 – truck chassis (A);
-
6 – series tractor chassis (Tr);
-
7 – Running tow hitch (Pr);
-
8, 9 – reserve.
-
Q: How denotes design working suspension?
Design work equipment indicated in figures 1 – with flexible suspension (rope pulley blocks); 2 – stiff suspension (cylinders); 3 – telescoping. -
A:
-
The flexible suspension of work equipment is divided into:
-
-
with equipment shovel;
-
with equipment backhoe.
-
-
The choice of a particular modification is dictated by the nature of the excavator works, their characteristics and the correct definition of the necessary in each case the car means a lot.
-
The stiff suspension of work equipment gives the possibility to equip the excavator hydraulic hammer that hung in place of the bucket. Himself hammer is driven by a hydraulic dredge pumps, which ensures optimal use of capacity and reduce costs.
-
Excavators with rope pulley can be equipped with suspension dragline crane equipment grab.
-
Q: What are the conditions for the application of various working equipment?
Excavators equipment shovel and unloading into vehicles or blades are useful for digging trenches, mainly in the strong , stony and rocks and soils as well as soil-resistant medium strength. -
A:
-
The equipment used backhoe for digging narrow trenches (0.7-1.5 m in width and a depth of up to 8 m), especially with vertical walls for the installation of sewerage networks, installation of foundations in hard and stony soils, as well as the construction of small pits.
-
Tools and machinery dragline excavators consists of the boom and bucket suspended from the boom by means of lifting and pulling rope. Dragline excavation produces, as a rule, below the level of installation of the excavator; Buckets are used various capacities – in preliminary loosened rocky breeds allowed to work at the dragline bucket capacity of more than 10 m3. The cycle time is typically 10-20% higher than when working with equipment excavator shovel. With equipment dragline operates up to 40% shovels.
-
Q: What is the grapple?
Grab – lifting devices excavators, cranes, forklifts and monorail trolleys, equipped with rotary jaws for gripping the load. Grapples are used for handling and transporting over short distances of bulk cargo, timber and others. The most common grabs for bulk cargo capacity of 0.8-1.5 cubic meters Grapple for timber (logs, sheets, wood, etc.) on the device is similar grabs for bulk cargo, but has a special jaw design – Each consists of two claws, bent down and connected beam. The application allows you to fully automate grabs transactions capture and release of various cargoes.
-
A:
-
Q: What is the difference from one bucket trencher?
The main purpose of trenchers – excavation during construction of underground utilities. Their productivity is higher than single bucket. -
A:
-
Indexing trench similar to the one bucket, but has its own characteristics. For example, the index of ETC-252A means: trench chain excavator, digging depth of 25 dm, the second model – 2, held the first upgrade – A. That is, the numbers in this case, and already reflect the specific characteristics of the machine.
-
Q: Can I use a shovel for loading and unloading?
If required. But it is better to use a forklift. However, there are machines equipped with equipment for excavating and loading. Of course, loading shovel has a large capacity. For example, a backhoe loader PK-301 production of « Murommashzavod » equipped with the bucket capacity of 0.48 m3 and loading – 1.5 cubic meters By the way, it has a good performance: maximum digging depth – 420 cm, the maximum lifting height of the excavator bucket – 520 cm, the maximum height of loading into the vehicle – 352.5 cm. -
A:
-
By purchasing one car instead of two, the consumer receives the cost savings in buying, also reduces the cost of maintenance and repair. Particular attention is paid to creating safe and comfortable working conditions of the driver: the force on levers and pedals well below regulatory, steering with variable angle, good visibility. Comfortable cabin has good insulation, fitted with an adjustable seat, resiliency mounted rotated by 360 degrees.
-
With the escape wheeled device, the PC-301 is free to move by road.
-
Q: What are the loading and unloading machines are used on site?
Loaders are divided into the following types: shovel, fork or bucket (continuous). The holiday cottage construction and the most common wheel loader, bulldozer, loader and compact universal loaders. -
A:
-
Front-end loader provides unloading bucket forward within a given height. The main bucket (1 cubic meter) has a straight cutting edge with removable teeth.
-
bulldozer loader in addition to loading and unloading work can carry out site leveling and filling holes. As the main equipment used hydraulically removable blade and bucket capacity of 0.38 cubic meters or 0.5
-
Small trucks are designed for work in particularly cramped conditions. They have a large selection of interchangeable equipment and successfully apply stripping bucket, backhoe, derricks, forks, hammer, drill, dozer blade, trencher. This truck can make a U-turn in place 180 degrees to work with a width of no more than 4 meters.
Mini excavators
-
Q: What are the advantages of a mini-excavator?
Very small dimensions, low pressure on the supporting surface at high and maneuverability allow the use of these mini-machines inside the stations underground, in basements and floors of high-rise residential and office buildings, in the holds of ships at sea and river ports. The advantage of a mini-excavator is the rapid implementation of small volumes of works on objects, distant from each other, with the ability to transport them in the back of trucks, as well as the installation and operation of a very small construction sites. -
A:
-
With their help tear drainage ditches (cell) along the country roads, wells for racks fences, pylons, trenches various cross-sections for the installation of networks, small trenches and excavations for foundations of building foundations and structures, carried out the construction of sewage treatment plants, swimming pools, landscaping gardens, parks, gardens, carry out construction of sport grounds.
-
Some models of mini excavators are able to quickly and efficiently carry out the following work: in a complete set with a jackhammer used for the destruction of old buildings and structures; in complete with the usual bucket or bicuspid – for multidisciplinary excavation and loading operations; in the configuration with a controlled rotating bucket – to work in the garden, land reclamation and tree-planting work.
-
There are models of mini excavators, which are equipped with additional attachments: bucket, bucket planning, moving the bucket, clamshell bucket, auger.
-
Q: What are the main characteristics of a mini-excavator?
In Europe, mini-excavators are classified by the bucket capacity and weight machines. In the UK, compact excavators are divided into three categories: micro, mini and supermini itself. Mass of standard mini-excavators of 1-5 tons. By the supermini category include excavators weighing 6-10 tonnes. At the same time in the UK mini excavators are divided into 3 main groups: weighing up to 2 tons, from 2 to 3.5 tonnes and over 3.5 m. In Japan, mini-excavators are classified according to the capacity of the bucket. -
A:
-
All the company paid special attention to the relocation of mini-excavators. So, on the relocation of standard or special low-bed trailers, does not cause difficulties. There is also a moving experience of mini-excavators in machines with movable bodies, and on container, which mini excavator using its self-loading boom and just unloaded.
-
The most typical characteristics can be learned by reading the contents of a table 1.
Table 1. Specifications of mini-excavator company « Zettelmeyer Maschinenfabrik GmbH »
Settings Model ZL501 The weight of the machine in working condition, kg 735 Power kW 15 The radius of reach of the bucket, mm 4550 Digging depth mm 2350 Lift height and rashes ground mm 2950 width of the machine, mm 1410 The rotation angle of the bucket, hail. 200 Bucket capacity, m³ 0,05-0,1
-
Q: What is the typical mini-excavator?
The German company « Zeppelin » manufactures mini excavators several models. -
A:
-
Excavator models Z204R tracked with a three-cylinder diesel engine has a capacity of 32 kW. Engine with direct fuel injection is back and playing at the same time as a counterweight. Weight excavator 3900 kg, the force insertion into the ground – 31 kN.
-
Excavator Z206 model is available in two versions: the crawler and pneumatic move. Its power 34 kW diesel engine, curb weight of 4700 kg. Maximum digging depth at the mini-excavators of these models, respectively 3250 and 3500 mm, maximum boom – 5800 mm, maximum cutting height – 4100 and 4900 mm. The hydraulic system of machines includes a dual pump unit with a summation of the performance. Control of the machine by means of two levers. For the driver there is a reversible vibrobezopasnoe seat with armrests. Safety lever permits operation of all the mechanisms in the presence only of the driver in the cab. The angle of rotation of the working equipment 360 & deg ;. The boom can be rotated in a horizontal plane and moved across the axis of symmetry of the machine with locking in three positions.
-
It is interesting to track steerable JCB mini diggers 801, designed and manufactured by the British firm « JCB Hydrapower Ltd » on rubber tracks, has six interchangeable buckets width: 230, 300, 400, 460, 600 and 900 mm. High maneuverability is provided by rotation of the cab and turn the boom relative to the longitudinal axis of the cab on both sides of 60 & deg ;.
-
The excavator can work in cramped conditions, it has a low ground pressure – Only 0.26 kgf/cm2, which provides an opportunity to work on the device alleys, sidewalks, parking areas for vehicles on rough terrain without breaking the vegetation surrounding area (garden, park).
-
Q: Under what conditions can be operated mini excavator?
Mini excavator Z206 on pneumatic go exploits firm « Frenzel », specializing in the construction of railways and aprons. The company's specialists have noted that due to the small mass excavator moves through the rails without damaging them, has a robust and reliable design. All-wheel drive (front axle driven) ensures high throughput. Movement speed is infinitely adjustable in two ranges: 0 to 9 km/h, and from 0 to 18 km/h. An example of successful application of the excavator is its operation at the construction site of the railway Hanover – Wuerzburg. Because of bad weather, the soil is strongly razmok and use of conventional excavators was impossible. Mini excavator Z206 thanks to its light weight (4700 kg) has successfully completed the work required. Deluxe cab excavator Z206 has heating for the winter. There ease of maintenance of the machine. -
A:
-
The company « Richter », specializing in the construction of gas pipelines and has its fleet of backhoe loaders, for a few weeks as the basic machines operated mini excavator Z206. During the work machine is equipped with a backhoe bucket width of 600 m (capacity – 143 hp) or 400 mm (capacity – 86 L). The company says the use of an excavator to load dump trucks, large cutting force of the bucket and good stability, and successful design of the boom, which can be mounted in three positions with a single bolt. Thought-out and layout of the hydraulic system, which should increase its longevity.