Lumber / | Species of wood used in construction |
Depending on what you want to do, use some type of wood.
First you need to determine if you have selected a bar to the conifers or deciduous. Conifers have a sharper, resinous smell. In addition, the macrostructure of wood better highlighted than the hardwood. For softwood include pine, larch, fir, spruce and cedar.
- Softwood
- Hardwood
- The wood of fruit trees
- Wood rare breeds
Softwood:
- pine
- El
- Cedar
- Fir
Pine most often used as a building material. Stained pine wood can be a reddish-yellow and pale yellow, and it does not affect the working properties of wood. The very durable wood, light, easy to process. In addition, due to the high content of resin wood is very resistant to rot and weatherability. Soft wood structure makes it easy to absorb different colors. This also applies to the lacquer. When shrinkage pine wood almost does not warp.
El — second in importance and use of conifers. Compared to pine, spruce is largely inferior to her. First of all, this is due to a large number of knots in the wood. Yes, and it lends itself to handling a little bit worse. The spruce resin is slightly smaller, which affects the stability of its bad weatherability.
Cedar , or the Siberian pine on construction quality as eating, and sometimes even surpasses it. Cedar wood is very easy to work, but just as spruce, is not resistant to decay.
Fir , in its working qualities is not unlike eating: easy to process and practically does not take chemicals. Just as in spruce wood, where the resin contains few, because of which the wood rot quickly outdoors without special treatment.
Hardwood divided into hardwood and deciduous. Wood such rocks almost no smell, and the smell is enhanced only with fresh cut wood and its processing. Among the firm leafy species most often used oak, birch and ash. The most common among softwood trees — aspen and alder.
Hardwood:
- Oak
- Beech
- Ash
- Birch
- elm, elm, elm
- Walnut
- Aspen
- Poplar
- Alder
- Linden
Oak most often used in the manufacture of furniture. Oak furniture is considered the most beautiful and durable, in addition, allows you to decorate dense wood relief carving details. Also, the strength and hardness contributes to the production of small wood fasteners, but at the same time stable compounds. Oak — one of the few species of wood from which to make the bent parts of different radii. Due to the high content of tannins in the wood of the oak is the most resistant to rot from all the hardwood.
Beech also applies to hardwood. By its quality is not inferior to oak. As well as oak, treated, oppression and impregnated with different chemical solutions. This contributes to the quality and durability of the lacquer coating coloring. But due to the fact that the beech strongly warped when dry, prone to rot with the formation of wormholes, it is little used in the manufacture of furniture.
ash most often used for making furniture, veneer and flooring. Such widespread use of ash is due, above all, the quality of its wood: strong, tough, durable, resistant to decay, with a beautiful textured pattern that shrinkage at low warp and bend well at the Steaming.
Birch is used slightly less often than ash. First of all, this is due to low resistance to decay, high susceptibility to shrinkage and warpage. But the birch wood is easy to work, makes it possible to make a fine relief carving. In addition, well-soaked birch wood chemicals, perfectly keeps varnish.
elm , elm , elm are one breed. Among the main qualities that has this breed include: density, strength, toughness, and low porosity. When shrinkage of the wood almost does not warp or crack. In addition, after steaming the wood can be bent as you wish. But because of its dense and fine-pored structure of the wood is poorly polished, poorly planed and painted.
Walnut has a beautiful wood and is designed for finishing work. Well handled, amenable to polishing and impregnation chemicals. Heavy and solid wood walnut can not be warping and rotting.
Aspen has a soft wood, in which the little knots. Aspen is easy to work, but because of its porous structure of small parts can break practically during their manufacture.
Poplar also applies to broadleaved species. From such a beautiful small wood derived products and small parts. But the poplar is prone to decay, desiccation at warp and crack.
Alder of all broadleaved species most commonly used in the construction of houses and the manufacture of furniture. Alder is virtually impossible to rot, and therefore it is often used in the construction of log cabins wells. Also, it is well-used in the construction of storage rooms — she does not smell and does not absorb odors.
Lipa of all broadleaved species prized in the manufacture of large carved pieces of furniture. In addition, it is one of the few types of wood, which does not warp or crack during shrinkage. Lipa has a solid structure, which is a little susceptible to rotting.
Among the rare species, which are used in Carpentry fact, a large place is occupied by the wood of fruit trees. Mostly it uses wood wild trees.
The wood of fruit trees:
- Pear
- Apple
- plum
Pear has a dense homogeneous beautiful wood, going mainly for the manufacture of small parts. It is rarely possible to obtain a large canvas boards pear trunk. But not only because of this pear is the decoration of furniture. Its timber is arranged so that the cutting blade removes a red pre chips and the growth direction of the fibers against them. In addition, both polished and impregnated wood is excellent. There is another feature of pear — equally it can be attributed to the firm, and soft rock. Raw wood is soft enough, but if it soak and then slowly dried, the wood becomes very hard. Among the shortcomings can be called only one — without lacquer tree quickly darkens and begins to rot.
Apple is a number of the most beautiful and durable wood. But after drying the wood is very warp and shrink, it would be preferable to work only with well-dried apple. Just like a pear, it is the finishing of furniture, manufacturing household goods and decorations.
plum , as well as apple, very susceptible to warping and cracking during drying. Solid and sturdy timber with a variety of multi-colored streaks perfectly split and polished. Most often it is used for making ornaments and embossed finish furniture. It is also very much appreciated chiseled utensils from plum wood.
We have considered those species of wood that grow with us. But, it is very popular and imported breeds, which often go to the production of furniture and decorations.
Wood rare breeds:
- Red Tree
- Ebony
- Eucalyptus
- Fernambuk
- Rosewood
- satinwood
Mahogany grows only in tropical forests. The concept of « Mahogany » does not mean belonging to a certain breed, and a rich variety of rocks, timber which has a red color. Wood mahogany refers to soft rock, well treated, polished, absorbs paint. Mainly used for furniture and decoration of the room. Because of its expensive price rarely goes entirely to the production of furniture.
Ebony is brought to us from Madagascar, Ceylon, the island of St. Mauritius. Although shrinkage cracks in the wood and well split, ebony is the most expensive. Its wood is dense, homogeneous, black color. Very much appreciated wood with growth rings indistinct layers and vessels. The least valued wood with whitish streaks and stands out from the wood macrostructure and core. Wood almost does not rot, does not warp during shrinkage, perfectly absorbs paint. The only thing that is not permissible to do with ebony polished: this appearance is only getting worse.
Eucalyptus has a strong, heavy wood, which practically does not rot. This property is due to the large content within its structure the essential oils that are the same as the resin in the wood and pine. Eucalyptus belongs to a small number of tree species that are not easily treated. Most often made of eucalyptus basis of furniture and then decorate it inserts from other breeds or paste veneer mahogany or ebony.
Fernambuk is used to make a mosaic. The most expensive considered violin bows and conductor's wand, made out of wood. When storing fernambuk able to change color from yellow to orange tint to dark cherry or black. The wood is virtually rot and dry can not be warping. But just felled tree shrinks greatly, cracks and shaping. As gravity is second only to process eucalyptus.
Rosewood , like most breeds, imported from South America. Wood Rosewood has a porous structure and a dense arrangement of thin fibers. The peculiarity of this breed is its color, which, depending on the predominance of a color varies from light purple to dark brown with a purple tinge. As fernambuk over time can change color. If the tree at the end of the work has not been polished, the color of the wood can become almost black. The very fine wood treated, does not rot. Most often made of rosewood furniture and all kinds of ornaments.
satinwood is rare for us, and therefore it is very expensive appreciated. There is only the manufacture of inserts and mosaic decorations. The wood of this species can be yellow, red and brown hue. But regardless of the color of the wood it is always a tiny sparkles that when varnished give the finished product a satin shine and polish with a soft flowing fabric.
Having a cross-section, you can more clearly see the structure of the wood. Each bar has a planed wood bark & mdash; it is the skin of the tree, which is not used in the work, be sure to remove it.
Under the bark of the tree is a zone of growth, which is virtually indistinguishable to the naked eye. On fresh saw cut with the growing tree cambium layer is presented very well. After you remove the bark, you will discover a thin layer of wet tissue greenish — This will be the cambium. For the cambium is the actual wood with growth rings.
The wood is called sapwood. In the center of each tree has a kernel that can be drained of color with sapwood, or have a darker color. Depending on the share of the sap wood, where the kernel does not have a clearly defined structure, and cells are as tight as in the sapwood and sound, where, respectively, the kernel is well distinguishable. Sometimes sap wood species called bezyadrovymi.
To the sound timbers are all conifers (pine, cedar, spruce, yew, larch) and some hardwoods, such as oak, ash, poplar.
Most hardwood is a series of sapwood, or bezyadrovyh birch, hornbeam, alder, maple, hornbeam.
In addition to the microstructure of wood, which is the density of the wood cells to a composition and the use of a bar in the wood affects the macrostructure submitted annual rings and heart-shaped vessels. By macrostructure also include the presence of different knots, nodules and undeveloped shoot-holes, which deflect the annual rings and form a variety of irregular grain.
Wood, where most clearly discernible growth rings, horizontal and vertical vessels, is the most interesting for processing. Almost all conifers — hornbeam, oak, elm, beech — have such a timber.
When working with the wood should not only pay attention to the arrangement of the fibers. First of all, carefully inspect all sides chosen bar. Wood, with which you are going to work, there must be not only durable, but also « healthy » - Uniform in color, without the impurities quite interesting and unusual colors, without a trace of defeat wood worms, grinders, and no traces of decay began. If your bar has at least one of these signs, then immediately set it aside, or at work, you can all suffered a great deal, and at the end of the work you do not get enough satisfaction from the done. And work can only negate.
Do not use for wood, fungus affected. It can be well seen even with the naked eye to change the color of the wood and the splitting of the wood fibers at the site of the lesion. The color of the affected wood fungus can vary from cream and brown to bluish and greenish. The rest of the wood at the same time retain the familiar color.
greenish deposit , which appeared in some parts of the wood suggests that the wood start to rot. Mould affects the wood just outside, so if you promptly smooth out the surface with a knife or a plane, the board or the bar you can still save, and then dry it, use paper.
Color rot is not as harmless as sound. It strikes the wood from the inside, destroying its structure and making it impossible to use. Wood can be perfectly healthy, but still unfit for work. Defects may be different. Some of them can completely eliminate the use of wood, others only limited processing capabilities.
The most common defect is the presence of knots. But there are two kinds of knots. Some of them are firmly fused with the timber and removed from the array only when you delete the entire section. Others are separated from the timber easily. It is likely that during the drying of the finished product it may fall and spoil the whole picture.
Terminate the opening is possible by means of a wedge-shaped cork which is driven instead of a knot. Moreover, when long-term storage of wood as a building material darken primarily knots. The only exceptions are some conifers.
The category of wood defects can be attributed to the presence of zasmolok conifers and hardwoods at vodosloev. So called pockets of sap in solid wood.