Electrical / | How to replace the wiring in the copper |
Most of the old buildings, and almost all modern homes electrical wiring is carried out in a single aluminum wire insulation. This often-section of the wire is calculated based on power consumption of 1-2 kW, which was quite normal for the 60-ies of the last century, but not for modern apartments. Count. TV – 200-300 W, microwave – to kilowatt electric – 800 – 1500 W, electric heater – at least half a kilowatt, etc. Not surprisingly, the old wiring not withstand. And if you do not work « Machines » in the flat panel, then begins a progressive destruction of the insulation of aluminum wires. Not far from here, and to short-circuit. In addition, any leakage or soggy reflected very negatively on aluminum. It becomes brittle and fragile. The same occurs under the influence of time. For this reason, it is believed that the life of a wiring – no more than 15-20 years.
So, if you have periodically lost contact in the socket, electrical appliances did not get turned on simultaneously without having to not « knocked out » machine and when replacing lamps wires break as the match, which means that it is time to change the wiring.
If you have a basic knowledge of and compliance with the rules of electrical safety it is possible to replace the master yourself. The main rule – not to work under stress and be careful.
To work you will need:
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plan of the apartment with the desired location of the connections
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electric cable
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machines
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sockets and switches
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hammer drill with a long drill
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plaster putty
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terminal boxes
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screwdrivers, pliers and cutter
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multimeter or test lamp
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phase indicator
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powerful soldering iron
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rag in electrical tape insulation and insulating caps
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mounting boxes for switches and sockets
If something from this list makes you question - « What is it? », then take yourself for a replacement is not necessary. It is better to turn to professionals. The average cost of a replacement for Moscow – 700 rubles per square meter apartment. Money is not that big to risk their lives unnecessarily.
Let's get started. We start with a simple – We take up of apartments and mark up the location of the sockets and switches. Remember that according to the rules of installation of the ceiling and floor-to-wiring accessories must be at least 10 cm.
After that, consider the load. To do this, simply add up the approximate wattage of all appliances in the apartment. Each light source is added on to the amount of more 100 watts. The resulting sum is divided by 220 (Ohm's law), and obtain the approximate value of current, which must be calculated wiring in the apartment. Typically value is obtained in the range of 12 to 16 amperes. This corresponds to the required cable cross-section of 1.5 square millimeters in If the current value is obtained more it makes sense to think about laying several parallel lines of the electrical wiring board, each of which will have to provide a separate device disconnection (« Machine »). Lay wiring large cables usually does not make sense, because it increases the cost significantly and the resulting reliability of the power system is reduced.
In preparing plans to count the number of required cables and sockets and others. At each outlet and switch it is also necessary to provide for a mounting box. They are of two types – for brick and concrete walls and for plasterboard.
After that we take the plan and go to the electrical shop. In the store to buy a copper single-core cable with a double isolation PUNP desired section 2 (normally 1.5) and the rest of the installation tools and machines. Their face value is selected by the maximum current that you have defined for our advice in the preparation of the plan. The number of machines will correspond to the number of wires, you'll wind up on the flat panel. If you plan to change the wiring in areas with high humidity and/or fire hazard (kitchen, toilet, bathroom), it would not be amiss, and metal hose, in which the cable will be laid.
Now you can start to work. First, you need to disconnect the old wiring. To do this, carefully open the housing panel, find the packet switch that applies to your apartment, and turn it off. At the same time trying to comply with the maximum precautions – do not touch the wires is not enough for the metal door panel or hands, etc. If you have the slightest doubt of the correctness of your actions, or if you do not know where it is located and how, ask a professional electrician to do the operation.
You can then start work without fear to get under stress. Better not start replacing the part of the entrance, and from the back room. It is unlikely that you will be able to do all the work for one light day. But the apartment is de-energized.
Start with what look for in a room terminal boxes. Make it easy, because its cover is visible on the wall. If the wiring is run under the floor, looking for entry into the room. Now open the cover. Underneath you will find a wide variety of bundle of wires. Locate the main – chapeau. Cut and carefully insulate the ends. Now you can re-enable the panel to the electricity and operate the power.
Try to remove all the old wiring. If it is hidden under the plaster, then do it more often than not too difficult. Simply well pull the ends of the wires and using the gun or hand tools to remove a layer of plaster over wire. In this case, you will also save time on the installation of new cutting grooves. If the wires are laid in a concrete wall or under the floor, and do not give in, they can just cut. After removing old wiring can begin to lay a new one. Several options. First – Stroebe pave the wiring in the wall proshtrobit old or over. In any case inadmissible leave open twist or spikes. They must be performed in terminal boxes and carefully isolated. Thus it is better to follow the coincidence of the color wires. This is necessary in order to make it clear where the phase conductor. In luminaires it must be connected to the center pin of the cartridge.
The easiest size of the required length, and complete the entire installation on the floor and only then produce stacking Grooves.
Do not forget that the switches for lighting are included in the chain are not parallel, and consistent lighting device!
After laying the cable in the Grooves are shpatljujut any suitable quick-drying putty or plaster alabaster. After they have dried installing outlets and switches. At the ends of the wires better obluzhivat using a soldering iron.
Similarly, the work is done and all the other rooms except for technical premises, where it is better to use a gasket in metal.
Once the work is finished, there comes the final stage – Connection to the panel. If you decide to do a number of parallel power lines, it is necessary to think and laying several parallel cables to the shield. Usually laid two lines – one in the kitchen (washing machine, oven, refrigerator, etc), and the other – in residential areas. We do not touch on the issue of connection of electric stoves, as this is a separate big topic.
The disconnecting device (« Machines ») must be provided for each power line. Two variants of installation – in the corridor or in the flat panel. If you choose the second option, then just drag all input cables from each room to the place where you want to install the panel. At the same time remember that the passage of the cables through the wall must be made at least in metal and better - in the pipe.
1Based that your work is finished. Installation of circuit breakers and connection of the new wires to the panel – deal for a professional electrician. Therefore, do not try to do the job on their own.